Milling machine introduction

Mainly refers to a machine tool that uses a milling cutter to process various surfaces of a workpiece. Usually the milling cutter mainly moves by rotation, and the movement of the workpiece and the milling cutter is the feed movement. It can process planes, grooves, various curved surfaces, gears, etc.

A milling machine is a machine tool that uses a milling cutter to mill a workpiece. In addition to milling planes, grooves, gear teeth, threads, and spline shafts, milling machines can also process more complex profiles. The efficiency is higher than that of planing machines. It is widely used in machinery manufacturing and repair departments.

The milling machine is a machine tool with a wide range of uses. On the milling machine, it can process planes (horizontal planes, vertical planes), grooves (keyways, T-slots, dovetail grooves, etc.), gear parts (gears, spline shafts, sprockets), Spiral surface (thread, spiral groove) and various curved surfaces. In addition, it can also be used to process the surface and inner hole of the revolving body and cut off the work. When the milling machine is working, the workpiece is mounted on the worktable or the indexing head and other accessories, and the milling cutter rotates as the main motion, supplemented by the feed motion of the worktable or the milling head, and the workpiece can obtain the required processing surface. Due to the multi-edge intermittent cutting, the productivity of the milling machine is high. In simple terms, a milling machine can be a machine tool for milling, drilling and boring workpieces.

The milling machine was originally a horizontal milling machine created by American E. Whitney in 1818. In order to mill the spiral grooves of twist drills, American J.R. Brown created the first universal milling machine in 1862, which was the prototype of a lifting table milling machine. Around 1884, gantry milling machines appeared. In the 1920s, a semi-automatic milling machine appeared, and the worktable used a stop to complete the automatic conversion of “feed-fast” or “rapid-feed”.

After 1950, milling machines developed rapidly in terms of control systems, and the application of digital control greatly improved the degree of automation of milling machines. Especially after the 1970s, the digital control system and automatic tool change system of the microprocessor were applied on the milling machine, which expanded the processing range of the milling machine and improved the processing accuracy and efficiency.

As the mechanization process continues to intensify, CNC programming has begun to be widely used in machine tool operations, which greatly frees up labor. CNC programming milling machines will gradually replace manual operations. The requirements for employees will be higher and higher, and of course the efficiency will be higher and higher.

Main classification
Distinguish by layout form and scope of application
1. Lifting table milling machine: There are universal, horizontal and vertical, etc., mainly used for processing small and medium-sized parts, and the most widely used.

2. Gantry milling machines: including Gantry milling and boring machines, planer milling machines and double-column milling machines, all used for processing large parts.

3. Single-column milling machine and single-arm milling machine: The horizontal milling head of the former can move along the column guide rail, and the worktable is fed longitudinally; the end milling head of the latter can move horizontally along the cantilever guide rail, and the cantilever can also adjust the height along the column guide rail. Both are used to process large parts.

4. Worktable non-lifting milling machine: There are two types of rectangular worktable and round worktable. It is a medium-sized milling machine between the lifting table milling machine and the gantry milling machine. The vertical movement is completed by the milling head lifting on the column.

5. Instrument milling machine: a small lifting table milling machine, used for processing instruments and other small parts.

6. Tool milling machine: It is used for mold and tool manufacturing. It is equipped with various accessories such as end milling head, universal angle table and plug. It can also perform drilling, boring and slotting.

7. Other milling machines: such as keyway milling machines, cam milling machines, crankshaft milling machines, roll journal milling machines and square ingot milling machines, etc., are special milling machines manufactured for processing corresponding workpieces.

According to structure
(1) Desktop milling machine: a small milling machine used for milling small parts such as instruments and meters.

(2) Cantilever milling machine: a milling machine with a milling head mounted on a cantilever. The bed is arranged horizontally. The cantilever can generally move vertically along the column guide rail on one side of the bed, and the milling head moves along the cantilever guide rail.

(3) Ram milling machine: a milling machine with a spindle mounted on a ram.

(4) Gantry milling machine: a milling machine in which the bed is arranged horizontally, and the columns and connecting beams on both sides constitute the gantry. The milling head is installed on the beam and the column, and can move along the guide rail. Generally, the beam can move vertically along the column guide rail, and the worktable can move longitudinally along the bed guide rail for processing large pieces.

(5) Plane milling machine: a milling machine used for milling planes and forming surfaces.

(6) Profiling milling machine: a milling machine for profiling workpieces. Generally used for processing complex shape workpieces.

(7) Elevating table milling machine: a milling machine with an elevating table that can move vertically along the bed rails. The worktable and sliding saddle usually installed on the elevating table can move longitudinally and laterally, respectively.

(8) Radial arm milling machine: Radial arm milling machine can also be called turret milling machine, radial arm milling, universal milling, machine tool turret milling machine is a kind of light general metal cutting machine, with vertical and horizontal milling functions, can be milling, The plane, bevel, groove and spline of small parts.

(9) Bed type milling machine: The worktable cannot be raised and lowered, and it can be moved longitudinally and horizontally along the bed guide rail, and the milling head or column can be moved vertically.

(10) Special milling machine: for example, tool milling machine: a milling machine used for milling tool molds, with high processing accuracy and complex processing shapes.

According to the control method
Milling machines can be divided into profiling milling machines, program-controlled milling machines and CNC milling machines.

Milling cutter classification
It is used to process planes, steps, grooves, forming surfaces and cut off workpieces on milling machines.

There are many commonly used types of milling cutters according to their purposes:
①Cylindrical milling cutter: used for processing planes on horizontal milling machines. The cutter teeth are distributed on the circumference of the milling cutter. According to the tooth shape, they are divided into straight teeth and spiral teeth. According to the number of teeth, there are two types: coarse teeth and fine teeth. The helical coarse-tooth milling cutter has a small number of teeth, high tooth strength and large chip holding space, which is suitable for rough machining; fine-tooth milling cutters are suitable for finishing.

②Face milling cutter: used for vertical milling machine, face milling machine or gantry milling machine, upper processing plane, there are cutter teeth on the end face and circumference, and there are also coarse and fine teeth. Its structure has three types: integral type, insert type and indexable type.

③End milling cutter: used for processing grooves and step surfaces, etc. The cutter teeth are on the circumference and end surface, and cannot be fed along the axial direction when working. When the end mill has end teeth passing through the center, it can be fed axially (usually double-edged end mills are also called “keyway milling cutters” that can feed axially).

④Three-sided face milling cutter: used to process various grooves and step surfaces, with teeth on both sides and circumference.

⑤Angle milling cutter: used for milling grooves at a certain angle, there are two kinds of single-angle and double-angle milling cutters.

⑥ Saw blade milling cutter: used for processing deep grooves and cutting off workpieces, with more teeth on the circumference. In order to reduce friction during milling, there are 15’～1° secondary deflection angles on both sides of the cutter teeth. In addition, there are keyway milling cutters, dovetail milling cutters, T-slot milling cutters and various forming milling cutters.

The structure of the milling cutter is divided into 4 types:
①Integral type: The cutter body and the cutter teeth are made into one body.

②Integral welding tooth type: The cutter teeth are made of cemented carbide or other wear-resistant tool materials and brazed on the cutter body.

③Inlaid tooth type: The cutter teeth are fastened to the cutter body by mechanical clamping. This replaceable cutter tooth can be a cutter head of integral cutter material, or a cutter head of welding cutter material. The milling cutter with the cutter head mounted on the cutter body for sharpening is called the internal sharpening type; the cutter head is individually sharpened on the fixture as the external sharpening type.

④ Indexable type: This structure has been widely used in face milling cutters, end milling cutters and face milling cutters.

Inspection items
Inspection standards
Mainly include: GB6477.9-86 “Metal Cutting Machine Terminology Milling Machine”, ZBJ54017-89 and JB/T5599-91 “Elevating Table Milling Machine Parameters and Series Type Spectrum”, GB3933-83 “Elevating Table Milling Machine Accuracy”, JB/T2800- 92 “Technical Conditions of Elevating Table Milling Machines”, ZBJ54014-88 “Accuracy of CNC Vertical Elevating Table Milling Machines”, ZBJ54015-90 “Technical Conditions of CNC Vertical Elevating Table Milling Machines”, JB3696-84 “Accuracy of Radial Arm Milling Machines”, JB/T3697- 96 “Technical conditions of radial arm milling machine”, JB/T2873-91, JB/T5600-91 “Universal tool milling machine parameters and series type spectrum”, JB/T2874-94 “Universal tool milling machine accuracy”, JB/T2875-92 “Universal tool milling machine Technical Conditions of Tool Milling Machine, JB/Z135-79 “Bed Bed Milling Machine Parameters and Series Type Spectrum”, GB3932-83 “Bed Bed Milling Machine Accuracy”, ZBJ54010-88 “CNC Bed Milling Machine Accuracy”, JB/T3027-93 “Gantry Milling Machine Parameters”, JB/T3028-93 “Gantry Milling Machine Accuracy”, JB/T3029-93 “Gantry Milling Machine Technical Conditions”, JB3311-83, JB/Z195-83 “Plane Milling Machine Parameters and Series Type Spectrum”, JB3312-83″ Precision of Plane Milling Machine, JB/T3313-94 “Technical Conditions of Plane Milling Machine”, ZBJ54013-88 “Parameters of Engraving Milling Machine”, JB/GQ “Parameters of Three-dimensional Copying Milling Machine”, JB/GQ “Precision of Three-dimensional Copying Milling Machine”, JB /GQ “Technical Conditions for Three-dimensional Copying Milling Machines”, ZBJ54007-88 “Accuracy of Vertical Three-dimensional Copying Milling Machines”, JB/T7414-94 “Technical Conditions for Vertical Three-dimensional Copying Milling Machines”, etc.
Inspection items related standard inspection items are roughly the same as other metal cutting machine tools. The special standards include accuracy and performance, which can be roughly summarized as: the accuracy of the hole (or spindle) where the tool is installed, the tool holder, the ram (or rocker) workbench The accuracy of the installation tool and the mutual position accuracy of the worktable, the machining accuracy of the specified workpiece, etc. The inspection shall also refer to JB2670-82 “General Rules for the Inspection of Metal Cutting Machine Tools”, and the export products shall not be lower than the first-class products.

Applicable models:
Gantry milling machine, double column milling machine, single column milling machine, plane profiling milling machine, three-dimensional profiling milling machine, vertical circular table milling machine, drum milling machine, rotary end milling machine, horizontal milling machine, vertical milling machine, CNC vertical milling machine, Keyway milling machine, universal tool milling

1. Conscientiously implement the relevant provisions of the “General Operating Regulations for Metal Cutting Machine Tools”.
2. Conscientiously implement the following general regulations on milling machines:
1. When processing the workpiece, place it in the middle of the workbench as much as possible to avoid uneven force and deformation of the workbench.
2. Manual feed should be used when the workpiece is set to the tool.
3. When the workbench is reversing, the reversing handle must be stopped at the middle position first, and then reversing. Direct reversing is not allowed.
4. When processing anything, it is strictly forbidden to mill the indexing head or the work surface.
5. When milling, select the appropriate cutting amount to prevent the machine from vibration during milling.
6. After working, stop the workbench at the middle position and drop the lifting platform to the lowest position.
7. Prior to work, pre-select the relevant process steps, spindle speed, tool feed, tool motion trajectory and continuous offsides according to the process requirements. Put the electric knob in the “adjustment” position for test run. After confirming that there is no problem, put the electric knob in the automatic or semi-automatic position to work.

Packaging, storage and transportation
Milling machines are mostly packed in wooden boxes. When wooden boxes are manufactured by wooden box manufacturers, they are based on GB7284-98 “Frame Wooden Boxes”, GB/T13384-92 “General Technical Requirements for Mechanical and Electrical Products Packaging” and related standards. The above-mentioned standards make specific provisions on the material, structure, moisture content and other items of the packaging box.

The inspection and sampling of packaging boxes must also refer to SN/T0275-93 “Inspection Regulations for Transport Packaging Wooden Boxes of Export Commodities”. The machine tool in the box should be effectively fixed and lined, and its electrical appliances and processed unpainted surfaces should be treated with rust and moisture. The anti-rust period is two years. Machine tool products should be kept in the warehouse during storage and detention in port. When temporarily stored in the open air, they should be raised and covered to prevent rain and water. The markings of the center of gravity, rainproof, do not put it upside down, and handle with care should be complete to ensure that the product arrives at the destination in good condition and safety during transportation.

Order matters
Metal cutting machine tools have implemented the export product quality licensing system. Products that have not obtained the export product quality license are not allowed to be exported. When ordering, the equipment parameters, metric and inch system, power supply, voltage and frequency, as well as random accessories, and the color of the machine must be clearly specified. In view of the wide variety of CNC punch presses and different standards in the sheet metal industry, customers should obtain the following information from the manufacturer when ordering molds:
1. Machine tool model-Determine which of the long-oriented or short-oriented mold structure is, and whether it is an imported Murata structure or a TRUMPF structure;

2. The tonnage of the machine tool—whether the punching force of this mold is suitable for this machine tool, otherwise, the structure of the mold must be changed or other processing methods must be selected;

3. Whether there is a rotating station-if the machine tool station is a non-rotating station, the guide sleeve or the lower die must consider the double-key groove structure;

4. The distance between the upper and lower turntables of the machine tool-in order to determine the height of the lower mold (forming mold);

5. Processing plate information-the material and thickness of the plate processed by the customer must be determined to determine the material and gap selected for the mold;

6. Mould positioning direction-the direction of the positioning pin (groove) of the mold (especially the special-shaped mold) should be determined according to the customer’s processing requirements. In addition, in addition to the square blade die, the guide bush or lower die of the other die must consider two keyways;

7. Mold type-There are many types of molds, and the type of mold ordered by the customer must be clarified.

Safety rules
1. When loading and unloading the workpiece, the tool must be removed, and the cutting head and hands must not approach the milling surface.
2. When using the Xuzheng milling machine to set the tool, it must be slow forward or hand cranked, fast forward is not allowed, and the tool is not allowed to stop when moving.
3. Pay attention to whether the handle of the Xuzheng milling machine will hit people when fast forwarding and retreating the tool.
4. The feed is not allowed to be too fast, and it is not allowed to change speed suddenly. The limit stop of the Xuzheng milling machine should be adjusted properly.
5. The Xuzheng milling machine must be stopped when moving up and down, measuring the workpiece, adjusting the tool, and tightening the speed change.
6. When disassembling the end mill, the work surface should be padded with wood, and the nut should be flattened, and the force should not be too strong.
7. It is strictly forbidden to touch or wipe the rotating parts and knives with cotton yarn.
8. Generally, a chuck can only clamp one workpiece at a time. Because one chuck clamps more than one workpiece at a time, even if it is clamped tightly, the force is very large when the tool is coarsely fed, and the two workpieces are easily slipped between them, causing the workpiece to fly out, the knife is broken, and people are injured.

The difference between milling machine and planer
Milling machine: It is a machine tool that uses a milling cutter to mill a workpiece. In addition to milling planes, grooves, gear teeth, threads, and spline shafts, milling machines can also process more complex profiles. The efficiency is higher than that of planing machines. It is widely used in machinery manufacturing and repair departments. Planer: A linear motion machine tool that uses a planer to plan the plane, groove or formed surface of the workpiece. Using planer processing, the tool is relatively simple, but the productivity is low (except for processing long and narrow planes), so it is mainly used for single piece, small batch production and machine repair workshops, and is often replaced by milling machines in mass production. According to the structure and performance, planers are mainly divided into bull’s head planers, double-arm planers, single-arm planers and specialized planers (such as edge planers for planing the edge of large steel plates, planing punches and planers for complex-shaped workpieces).
The bull’s head planer is named after the ram and the tool holder are shaped like bull’s head. The planer is mounted on the ram’s tool holder for longitudinal reciprocating motion, and is mostly used to cut various planes and grooves. The gantry planer is named after a gantry frame structure composed of a top beam and a column. The worktable carries the workpiece through the gantry frame for linear reciprocating motion. It is mostly used for processing large planes (especially long and narrow planes). To process grooves or process several small and medium-sized parts at the same time. Large gantry planers are often attached with components such as milling heads and grinding heads, so that the workpiece can be planed, milled, and plane-grinded after one installation. The single-arm planer has a single column and a cantilever. The worktable reciprocates longitudinally along the guide rail of the bed. It is mostly used for processing workpieces that have a large width and do not need to be processed over the entire width.
The tool or workpiece makes reciprocating linear motion, and the workpiece and tool make intermittent feed motion perpendicular to the main motion. Commonly used planers are: bull’s head planer, gantry planer and single-arm planer.

The difference between a drilling machine and a milling machine
Drilling machine refers to a machine tool that mainly uses a drill to make holes in a workpiece. Usually the rotation of the drill bit is the main movement, and the axial movement of the drill bit is the feed movement. The drilling machine has a simple structure and relatively low machining accuracy. It can drill through holes and blind holes, replace special tools, and can expand, counter-hole, ream or tap tapping. A milling machine is a machine tool that uses a milling cutter to mill a workpiece.

The difference between boring machine and milling machine

The working principle and nature of the boring machine and the milling machine are similar. The rotation of the tool is the main movement, and the movement of the workpiece is the feed movement.

Boring machines are mostly used for processing long through holes, large diameter stepped holes, and holes in different positions on large box parts. Due to the high rigidity of the cutter head and boring bar of the boring machine, the straightness, cylindricity and position of the processed holes are all high.

The milling machine can also perform boring, but the processing range is small and the accuracy is low. Milling machines are mostly used for processing planes, forming surfaces, and grooves.
The radial drill is a highly efficient hole processing machine tool, because its spindle can move quickly and arbitrarily within the processing range, and the workpiece is fixed. Therefore, it is very efficient to process holes and screw holes in different positions on large box parts.

Inspection items
Inspection standards
Mainly include: GB6477.9-86 “Metal Cutting Machine Terminology Milling Machine”, ZBJ54017-89 and JB/T5599-91 “Elevating Table Milling Machine Parameters and Series Type Spectrum”, GB3933-83 “Elevating Table Milling Machine Accuracy”, JB/T2800- 92 “Technical Conditions of Elevating Table Milling Machines”, ZBJ54014-88 “Accuracy of CNC Vertical Elevating Table Milling Machines”, ZBJ54015-90 “Technical Conditions of CNC Vertical Elevating Table Milling Machines”, JB3696-84 “Accuracy of Radial Arm Milling Machines”, JB/T3697- 96 “Technical conditions of radial arm milling machine”, JB/T2873-91, JB/T5600-91 “Universal tool milling machine parameters and series type spectrum”, JB/T2874-94 “Universal tool milling machine accuracy”, JB/T2875-92 “Universal tool milling machine Technical Conditions of Tool Milling Machine, JB/Z135-79 “Bed Bed Milling Machine Parameters and Series Type Spectrum”, GB3932-83 “Bed Bed Milling Machine Accuracy”, ZBJ54010-88 “CNC Bed Milling Machine Accuracy”, JB/T3027-93 “Gantry Milling Machine Parameters”, JB/T3028-93 “Gantry Milling Machine Accuracy”, JB/T3029-93 “Gantry Milling Machine Technical Conditions”, JB3311-83, JB/Z195-83 “Plane Milling Machine Parameters and Series Type Spectrum”, JB3312-83″ Precision of Plane Milling Machine, JB/T3313-94 “Technical Conditions of Plane Milling Machine”, ZBJ54013-88 “Parameters of Engraving Milling Machine”, JB/GQ “Parameters of Three-dimensional Copying Milling Machine”, JB/GQ “Precision of Three-dimensional Copying Milling Machine”, JB /GQ “Technical Conditions for Three-dimensional Copying Milling Machines”, ZBJ54007-88 “Accuracy of Vertical Three-dimensional Copying Milling Machines”, JB/T7414-94 “Technical Conditions for Vertical Three-dimensional Copying Milling Machines”, etc.
Inspection items related standard inspection items are roughly the same as other metal cutting machine tools. The special standards include accuracy and performance, which can be roughly summarized as: the accuracy of the hole (or spindle) where the tool is installed, the tool holder, the ram (or rocker) workbench The accuracy of the installation tool and the mutual position accuracy of the worktable, the machining accuracy of the specified workpiece, etc. The inspection shall also refer to JB2670-82 “General Rules for the Inspection of Metal Cutting Machine Tools”, and the export products shall not be lower than the first-class products.

Applicable models:
Gantry milling machine, double column milling machine, single column milling machine, plane profiling milling machine, three-dimensional profiling milling machine, vertical circular table milling machine, drum milling machine, rotary end milling machine, horizontal milling machine, vertical milling machine, CNC vertical milling machine, Keyway milling machine, universal tool milling

1. Conscientiously implement the relevant provisions of the “General Operating Regulations for Metal Cutting Machine Tools”.
2. Conscientiously implement the following general regulations on milling machines:
1. When processing the workpiece, place it in the middle of the workbench as much as possible to avoid uneven force and deformation of the workbench.
2. Manual feed should be used when the workpiece is set to the tool.
3. When the workbench is reversing, the reversing handle must be stopped at the middle position first, and then reversing. Direct reversing is not allowed.
4. When processing anything, it is strictly forbidden to mill the indexing head or the work surface.
5. When milling, select the appropriate cutting amount to prevent the machine from vibration during milling.
6. After working, stop the workbench at the middle position and drop the lifting platform to the lowest position.
7. Prior to work, pre-select the relevant process steps, spindle speed, tool feed, tool motion trajectory and continuous offsides according to the process requirements. Put the electric knob in the “adjustment” position for test run. After confirming that there is no problem, put the electric knob in the automatic or semi-automatic position to work.

Packaging, storage and transportation
Milling machines are mostly packed in wooden boxes. When wooden boxes are manufactured by wooden box manufacturers, they are based on GB7284-98 “Frame Wooden Boxes”, GB/T13384-92 “General Technical Requirements for Mechanical and Electrical Products Packaging” and related standards. The above-mentioned standards make specific provisions on the material, structure, moisture content and other items of the packaging box.
The inspection and sampling of packaging boxes must also refer to SN/T0275-93 “Inspection Regulations for Transport Packaging Wooden Boxes of Export Commodities”. The machine tool in the box should be effectively fixed and lined, and its electrical appliances and processed unpainted surfaces should be treated with rust and moisture. The anti-rust period is two years. Machine tool products should be kept in the warehouse during storage and detention in port. When temporarily stored in the open air, they should be raised and covered to prevent rain and water. The markings of the center of gravity, rainproof, do not put it upside down, and handle with care should be complete to ensure that the product arrives at the destination in good condition and safety during transportation.

Order matters
Metal cutting machine tools have implemented the export product quality licensing system. Products that have not obtained the export product quality license are not allowed to be exported. When ordering, the equipment parameters, metric and inch system, power supply, voltage and frequency, as well as random accessories, and the color of the machine must be clearly specified. In view of the wide variety of CNC punch presses and different standards in the sheet metal industry, customers should obtain the following information from the manufacturer when ordering molds:
1. Machine tool model-Determine which of the long-oriented or short-oriented mold structure is, and whether it is an imported Murata structure or a TRUMPF structure;
2. The tonnage of the machine tool—whether the punching force of this mold is suitable for this machine tool, otherwise, the structure of the mold must be changed or other processing methods must be selected;
3. Whether there is a rotating station-if the machine tool station is a non-rotating station, the guide sleeve or the lower die must consider the double-key groove structure;
4. The distance between the upper and lower turntables of the machine tool-in order to determine the height of the lower mold (forming mold);
5. Processing plate information-the material and thickness of the plate processed by the customer must be determined to determine the material and gap selected for the mold;
6. Mould positioning direction-the direction of the positioning pin (groove) of the mold (especially the special-shaped mold) should be determined according to the customer’s processing requirements. In addition, in addition to the square blade die, the guide bush or lower die of the other die must consider two keyways;
7. Mold type-There are many types of molds, and the type of mold ordered by the customer must be clarified.

Safety rules
1. When loading and unloading the workpiece, the tool must be removed, and the cutting head and hands must not approach the milling surface.
2. When using the Xuzheng milling machine to set the tool, it must be slow forward or hand cranked, fast forward is not allowed, and the tool is not allowed to stop when moving.
3. Pay attention to whether the handle of the Xuzheng milling machine will hit people when fast forwarding and retreating the tool.
4. The feed is not allowed to be too fast, and it is not allowed to change speed suddenly. The limit stop of the Xuzheng milling machine should be adjusted properly.
5. The Xuzheng milling machine must be stopped when moving up and down, measuring the workpiece, adjusting the tool, and tightening the speed change.
6. When disassembling the end mill, the work surface should be padded with wood, and the nut should be flattened, and the force should not be too strong.
7. It is strictly forbidden to touch or wipe the rotating parts and knives with cotton yarn.
8. Generally, a chuck can only clamp one workpiece at a time. Because one chuck clamps more than one workpiece at a time, even if it is clamped tightly, the force is very large when the tool is coarsely fed, and the two workpieces are easily slipped between them, causing the workpiece to fly out, the knife is broken, and people are injured.

The difference between milling machine and planer
Milling machine: It is a machine tool that uses a milling cutter to mill a workpiece. In addition to milling planes, grooves, gear teeth, threads, and spline shafts, milling machines can also process more complex profiles. The efficiency is higher than that of planing machines. It is widely used in machinery manufacturing and repair departments. Planer: A linear motion machine tool that uses a planer to plan the plane, groove or formed surface of the workpiece. Using planer processing, the tool is relatively simple, but the productivity is low (except for processing long and narrow planes), so it is mainly used for single piece, small batch production and machine repair workshops, and is often replaced by milling machines in mass production. According to the structure and performance, planers are mainly divided into bull’s head planers, double-arm planers, single-arm planers and specialized planers (such as edge planers for planing the edge of large steel plates, planing punches and planers for complex-shaped workpieces).
The bull’s head planer is named after the ram and the tool holder are shaped like bull’s head. The planer is mounted on the ram’s tool holder for longitudinal reciprocating motion, and is mostly used to cut various planes and grooves. The gantry planer is named after a gantry frame structure composed of a top beam and a column. The worktable carries the workpiece through the gantry frame for linear reciprocating motion. It is mostly used for processing large planes (especially long and narrow planes). To process grooves or process several small and medium-sized parts at the same time. Large gantry planers are often attached with components such as milling heads and grinding heads, so that the workpiece can be planed, milled, and plane-grinded after one installation. The single-arm planer has a single column and a cantilever. The worktable reciprocates longitudinally along the guide rail of the bed. It is mostly used for processing workpieces that have a large width and do not need to be processed over the entire width.
The tool or workpiece makes reciprocating linear motion, and the workpiece and tool make intermittent feed motion perpendicular to the main motion. Commonly used planers are: bull’s head planer, gantry planer and single-arm planer.

The difference between a drilling machine and a milling machine
Drilling machine refers to a machine tool that mainly uses a drill to make holes in a workpiece. Usually the rotation of the drill bit is the main movement, and the axial movement of the drill bit is the feed movement. The drilling machine has a simple structure and relatively low machining accuracy. It can drill through holes and blind holes, replace special tools, and can expand, counter-hole, ream or tap tapping. A milling machine is a machine tool that uses a milling cutter to mill a workpiece.
The difference between boring machine and milling machine
The working principle and nature of the boring machine and the milling machine are similar. The rotation of the tool is the main movement, and the movement of the workpiece is the feed movement.
Boring machines are mostly used for processing long through holes, large diameter stepped holes, and holes in different positions on large box parts. Due to the high rigidity of the cutter head and boring bar of the boring machine, the straightness, cylindricity and position of the processed holes are all high.
The milling machine can also perform boring, but the processing range is small and the accuracy is low. Milling machines are mostly used for processing planes, forming surfaces, and grooves.
The radial drill is a highly efficient hole processing machine tool, because its spindle can move quickly and arbitrarily within the processing range, and the workpiece is fixed. Therefore, it is very efficient to process holes and screw holes in different positions on large box parts.

Routine warranty of milling machine
1. Cleaning of bed and parts, cleaning iron filings and surrounding environmental sanitation, cleaners, clamps, and measuring tools;
2. Check the oil level, not lower than the oil standard, and add lubricating oil to each part.

Weekly maintenance work range of milling machine
1. Clean
1. Disassemble and clean the various oil felt pads;
2. Wipe each sliding surface and guide rail surface, wipe the worktable and the horizontal, lift screw, wipe the knife drive mechanism and the knife holder;
3. Wipe all dead corners.
2. Lubrication
1. The oil holes are clean and unobstructed and filled with lubricating oil;
2. Add lubricating oil to each guide rail surface, sliding surface and each screw rod;
3. Check the oil tank and oil level of the transmission mechanism, and add oil to the elevation position.
Three, tighten
1. Check and tighten the pressure plate and inserting screws;
2. Check and tighten the slider fixing screws, the knife drive mechanism, the handwheel, the workbench bracket screws, and the fork top wire;
3. Check and tighten other parts to loosen the screws.
Four, adjustment
1. Check and adjust the belts, pressure plates and inserts for proper tightness;
2. Check and adjust the sliding block and screw joint order.
Five, anti-corrosion
1. Remove the rust of each part, protect the painted surface, and avoid collision;
2. Out-of-service, spare equipment guide rail surface, sliding screw hand wheel and other exposed parts that are easy to rust are coated with oil for corrosion protection.
Pre-shift maintenance
1. Check whether each oil pool is short of oil before driving, and use clean engine oil to refuel once as shown in the lubrication diagram.
2. Check whether the appearance and function of the power switch are good, and whether the grounding device is complete.
3. Check whether the screws, images, handles, handballs and oil cups of the various parts are loose or missing. If found, they should be tightened and supplemented in time.
4. Check the condition of the transmission belt.
In-class maintenance
1. Observe the sensitivity, reliability, temperature rise, sound and vibration of motors and electrical appliances.
2. Check the sensitivity and reliability of the electrical safety equipment.
3. Observe the temperature rise, sound direction and vibration of each transmission component.
4. Check the working conditions of the plunger oil pump in the bed and the lifting platform at all times. When the machine tool is running and there is no oil flowing out of the indicator, it should be repaired in time.
5. It is found that there is a gap between the axial clearance of the longitudinal screw of the worktable and the transmission, and it should be adjusted according to the instructions.
6. Adjustment of spindle bearing.
7. The adjustment of the fast moving clutch of the worktable.
8. Adjust the tightness of the transmission belt.
After-shift maintenance
After work, the equipment must be inspected and cleaned, and daily maintenance work must be done. Put all operating handles (switches) in neutral (zero position) and open the power switch to achieve orderliness, cleanliness, lubrication and safety.
Regular maintenance
1. Clean the inside of the bed, the inside of the lifting platform and the lubricating oil pool of the base of the workbench every 3 months, and clean the oil net of the lubricating oil pump with gasoline, no less than twice a year.
2. The lifting screw is lubricated with aluminum disulfide oil every two months.
3. Adjustment of the gap between the machine tools:
(1) The adjustment of spindle lubrication must ensure that a drop of oil passes through every minute.
(2) The adjustment of the transmission gap of the longitudinal screw of the worktable shall be adjusted every 3 months or according to the actual use. The requirement is that the transmission gap is fully reduced, the gap of the screw does not exceed 1/40 revolutions, and the total length is There must be no jams.
(3) The adjustment of the axial gap of the working and longitudinal screw is to eliminate the transmission gap between the screw and the nut, and at the same time to minimize the fit gap between the screw in the axial direction and the worktable.
(4) The adjustment of the radial clearance of the spindle bearing should be adjusted according to the actual conditions of use.
4. Adjustment requirements for the fast moving clutch of the worktable
(1) When the friction clutch is disengaged, the total clearance between the friction plates should not be less than 2～3mm.
(2) When the friction clutch is closed, the friction plate should be tightly compressed, and the iron core of the electromagnet should be fully tightened. If the iron core of the electromagnet is matched correctly, the electromagnet will not make a sound in the tensioned state.

Common malfunctions
Gantry milling machines are mostly made of steel or cast iron. In the process of long-term use, due to the different degrees of friction between the two contact surfaces, different degrees of wear will occur on the surface of the milling machine guide rails, which will seriously affect the processing accuracy and production efficiency of the equipment. Traditional repair methods usually use metal plate mounting or replacement methods, but a large amount of precise manufacturing and manual scraping are required, and the repair requires many procedures and a long construction period. In view of the scratches and strains of the gantry milling machine, polymer composite materials can be used to solve the problem. Among them, there should be a mature technology system of Meijiahua. Because the material has excellent adhesion, compressive strength, oil resistance and abrasion resistance, it can provide a long-lasting protective layer for the components. It only takes a few hours to repair the scratched part of the machine tool and put it into use. Compared with the traditional method, the operation is simpler and the required cost is lower.

Technical characteristics
The development of horizontal boring and milling machines has attracted much attention due to the concept of acceleration. The transmission components, electric spindles, linear motors, and linear guides, which provide technical support for high-speed operation, have been widely used, pushing the operating speed of the machine tool to a new height. The innovative design of the replaceable spindle horizontal boring and milling machining center solves the advantages and disadvantages of the electric spindle and the movable telescopic structure of the boring bar. It has the functions of compound processing and one machine, and it is also a major part of the horizontal boring and milling machine. Technological innovation.
The development of floor-type milling and boring machine leads the trend of modern machining with its new design concept. The ram-type without boring shaft and the structure of multiple milling heads exchanged and used with the concept of high-speed machining show its charm, which can replace traditional milling processing. the trend of. Various milling head accessories represented by two-coordinate pendulum angle milling heads have become the main means to achieve high-speed and high-efficiency compound processing. They have wider process performance, greater power, and stronger rigidity. They are a major breakthrough in the development of floor milling and boring machines.

Structural features
Horizontal boring and milling machine
The main key component of the horizontal boring and milling machine is the headstock, which is installed on the side of the column. A few manufacturers use a thermally symmetrical structure with double columns and place the headstock in the middle of the column. The biggest feature of this structure is rigidity, balance, and good heat dissipation performance. It provides a reliable guarantee for the high-speed operation of the spindle box. However, the double-column structure is not easy to maintain, which is the reason why not many manufacturers adopt it today. The movement of the headstock is mostly driven by a ball screw driven by a motor, which is the core transmission device of the main shaft drive. It is mostly supported by a hydrostatic bearing and driven by a ball screw driven by a servo motor. As the spindle speed is getting higher and higher and the spindle heating up quickly, many manufacturers will use oil mist cooling instead of oil cooling to more effectively control the spindle heating and ensure its accuracy.

The spindle system mainly has two structural types, one is the traditional boring bar telescopic structure, which has the characteristics of boring deep holes and high-power cutting; the other is the modern high-speed electric spindle structure, which has high speed, fast running speed and high efficiency , The advantages of high precision.

There are more and more applications of high-speed electric spindles on horizontal boring and milling machines. In addition to greatly improving the speed and accuracy of the spindle, the internal structure of the spindle box is also simplified, and the manufacturing cycle is shortened, especially for high-speed cutting. The maximum speed of the electric spindle can be Above 10000r/min. The disadvantage is that the power is limited, and its manufacturing cost is high, especially the deep hole processing cannot be performed. The telescopic structure of the boring bar has limited speed, and although the accuracy is not as good as that of the electric spindle structure, it can be used for deep hole processing, and the power is large, and the full load processing can be performed. The efficiency is high, which is unmatched by the electric spindle. Therefore, the two structures coexist, and the process performance is different, but it provides users with more choices.
A replaceable spindle system has been developed, which has the function of one machine and two functions. Users can choose to use according to different processing objects, that is, the electric spindle and the boring bar can be replaced with each other. This structure takes into account the shortcomings of the two structures and greatly reduces the cost. It is a major innovation of today’s horizontal boring and milling machine. The advantages of the electric spindle are high-speed cutting and rapid feed, which greatly improves the accuracy and efficiency of the machine tool.
The running speed of the horizontal boring and milling machine is getting higher and higher, the fast moving speed reaches 25-30m/min, and the maximum speed of the boring bar is 6000r/min. The speed of the horizontal machining center is higher, the rapid movement is up to 50m/min, the acceleration is 5m/s2, the position accuracy is 0.008～0.01mm, and the repeat positioning accuracy is 0.004～0.005mm.

Floor type milling and boring machine cutter
Since floor-type milling and boring machines mainly process large parts, the milling process range is wide, especially high-power, powerful cutting is a major processing advantage of floor-type milling and boring machines, which is also the traditional process concept of floor-type milling and boring machines. The technological development of contemporary floor-type milling and boring machines is changing the traditional process concept and processing method. The process concept of high-speed machining is replacing the traditional heavy-cutting concept, bringing changes in the processing method with high speed, high precision and high efficiency, thereby also promoting The structural changes and technical improvement of floor-standing milling and boring machines.

Today, the biggest feature of the development of floor-type milling and boring machines is the development of high-speed milling, all of which are ram-type (no boring shaft) structures, and are equipped with various milling head accessories with different technological properties. The advantages of this structure are that the ram has a large cross-section, good rigidity, long stroke, and fast moving speed. It is convenient to install various functional accessories, mainly high-speed boring, milling heads, two-axis double-angle milling heads, etc., which will be the technology of floor milling and boring machines. The performance and processing range reach the extreme, greatly improving the processing speed and efficiency.

Traditional milling is processed by boring bars, while modern milling is mostly done by various functional accessories through rams. There has been a trend to replace traditional processing. Its advantages are not only the speed and efficiency of milling, but also the main ability to perform The processing of polyhedrons and curved surfaces cannot be accomplished by traditional processing methods. Therefore, many manufacturers are competing to develop and produce ram-type (no boring spindle) high-speed machining centers because of its economy and obvious technical advantages, and it can greatly improve the technological level and scope of the machine tool. At the same time, the processing accuracy and processing efficiency are improved. Of course, a variety of different types of high-precision milling head accessories are required for technical support, and the requirements are also high.

High-speed milling has brought structural changes to floor-type milling and boring machines. The centered structure of the spindle box is more common, with high rigidity and suitable for high-speed operation. The ram drive structure adopts linear guide rail and linear motor drive. This structure is necessary for high-speed cutting. Foreign manufacturers have adopted it on floor-type milling and boring machines. The domestic similar products are rare, and linear is only used on small and medium-sized machine tools. guide. High-speed machining also puts forward higher requirements for environment and safety, which has produced the concept of pleasant production. All manufacturers attach great importance to the safety protection and operability of machine tools under high-speed operation. The implementation of a fully enclosed structure is safe and beautiful.

Process characteristics
Traditional horizontal boring and milling machines are mainly suitable for processing various mechanical parts, especially mechanical transmission boxes and various curved parts. Due to the improvement of the technical level of various equipment, the requirements for the mechanical structure are becoming more and more simplified, and fewer transmission parts are required, especially as the parts of the transmission box body will be less and less. The mechanical transmission is mostly direct drive, and the transmission parts The precision requirements are very high, which puts forward higher requirements on the process performance of the horizontal boring and milling machine. Therefore, as the traditional boring shaft structure, the processing objects are showing a decreasing trend, and will be replaced by a boring shaft-less electric spindle, that is, a high-speed machining center is used to complete the processing of various parts. Horizontal boring and milling machines are developing towards high-speed machining centers. On the one hand, the process is more adaptable, and on the other hand, the performance level and machining accuracy are improved. While increasing the scope of the machining process, various functional accessories are required for process protection. Boring and milling, it can also drill, tap, install CNC swing angle milling head accessories, and can process various curved parts. Equipped with an interchangeable worktable to form a flexible processing unit, which can process parts in batches.
Floor-type milling and boring machines mainly process large and super-large parts of various shapes. Its technological feature is that it is equipped with a large-scale floor-standing platform (the size of the worktable is not limited), which can process ultra-long and ultra-wide parts. At the same time, it can also be equipped with a rotary table, which can be used for rotary indexing and radial linear movement. The multi-sequence processing of parts can be completed through indexing, which greatly improves the process range. The floor-standing milling and boring machine produced by Pama, Italy is specially equipped with a tilt-adjustable worktable, which further broadens the processing range. High-power, high-efficiency cutting is a major processing advantage of floor-type milling and boring machines. High-speed and high-precision technical requirements are increasingly affecting the technical development of floor-standing milling and boring machines. It is an important means to improve the process level of floor-standing milling and boring machines. Therefore, the floor type milling and boring machine is changing the single high-power, high-efficiency cutting, and more into the high-speed, high-precision process technology connotation. The ram type structure has become the main structure type for high-speed milling and boring processing. The ram has a large cross-section, high rigidity, and high-speed operation stability. It is convenient to install various milling head accessories to achieve high-speed processing.

development trend
The development of heavy-duty machine tools will present two major trends. On the one hand, the development direction is technically based on machining centers or large-scale flexible machining units, and large-scale combined machining machines. Among them, horizontal boring and milling machines will gradually be replaced by high-speed machining centers and flexible machining units; floor-type milling and boring machines are used to develop large-scale machining centers. Combined compound machining center is mainly composed of two or more mainframes combined into a compound processing machine tool to adapt to the single-piece and small-batch production of large-scale processing parts. The process is complex, and the auxiliary time and processing cycle are long. It is difficult for the machine tool to complete all the processing procedures, which can be achieved by two combined processing centers. For example, two CNC gantry boring and milling machines form a composite machining center, and they share the bed and guide rails. They are equipped with a rectangular worktable and a rotary worktable (indexing) for boring and milling processing; a floor-standing milling and boring machine and A CNC single-column vertical lathe forms a large-scale composite machining center, which shares the bed guide rails, is equipped with a floor platform and a turntable, which can complete turning, boring, milling, drilling and other processing. The turntable can be indexed. There are also a variety of combinations such as two large floor milling and boring machines sharing bed rails. This saves floor space, reduces costs, and improves processing efficiency. Another development trend is to pursue refined manufacturing, improve the technological content of equipment manufacturing, and reflect the characteristics of safety, environmental protection and humanization of machine tools.

In summary, contemporary horizontal boring and milling machines and floor-type milling and boring machines have developed very fast technology, which is mainly reflected in the update of design concepts and the greatly improved machine tool operating speed and manufacturing process level. On the other hand, the machine tool structure has changed greatly. The application of new technologies is endless. The structure of the horizontal boring and milling machine is developing in the direction of high-speed electric spindle, and the floor-type milling and boring machine is developing in the direction of the ram type (no boring shaft) structure. The new trend of technological development in the coming period.